14. Victorian period
Níže je uveden pouze náhled materiálu. Kliknutím na tlačítko 'Stáhnout soubor' stáhnete kompletní formátovaný materiál ve formátu DOCX.
VICTORIAN PERIOD
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 1750s
- bigger fields with less people working on them
- common land – rural household economy
- late 18th century – Industrial revolution
- textiles
- raw cotton to clothing/material
- having more and better food – cheaper
- huge population explosion – people were living better life
- weavers – cottage industries, small family factories
- huge explosion of criminality
- squatters rights – you take land, after 10 years you own it, it is yours
- farming was more profitable, but they needed less workers in the countryside
- it leads to urbanization
- Enclosure Act – small farmers were pushed out – farming more profitable
- 18th century, happened in Tudor period 16th century
- you steal food – punishment
- industrial revolution – work force in cities, work is needed
- people are unemployed
- cotton replaces wool
- weavers – industrialization – kicked off
- steam powered machines
- profit is lower, factories produce more and faster
- Luddife riots
- Nedd Ludd – smashing up machines, destroying
- rebellion, plan the operations
- lost work because of the machines
- back to back housing – shifts, 1 family worked throughout the day, other in the night
CHILD LABOUR
- in early stages 16h/day
- many families relied on child labour – source of income
- chimney sweeps – děti je čistily zevnitř, they could fit them inside
- hard conditions
- child prostitution
- from 1760s children working from age of 6
- industrial environment, not alongside of their families
- injuries
- coal mines – boys especially
- employers often preferred child labour because they could pay them less and they fit into small places, so they could clean under the machines
- child labour created discipline and hard work – some people believed this
- match factories in London – removing lower jaw
- low child life expectancy
- there were groups that were against child labour and they wanted children to have education and have an actual childhood (that was a new concept). But the general consensus, at least at first, was that child labour was necessary
- childhood is a new concept
- women in mines – semi naked, topless, shocking – boys of 11 saw women “naked”, hypocrisy
LAISSEZ FAIR ECONOMICS
= non state intervention, let it be
- economic system/philosophy
- regulation, control and privileges don’t exist
- liberalism in economy, classical liberalism
- we should have capitalism untouched and then everybody will have enough of everything
- capitalism will deal with everything else
- practical terms – people can be exploited easily, no rules, law, no guarantee of work conditions
workhouses – loop, desperation, hard to escape – they work and got food and shelter in exchange
- families were separated, tight schedule, Sunday – resting day
- kids were taken away from parents
- created in 1840s – early Victorian period
- people could leave, but have not got place to go/live/no money
- if you were poor, it was your fault, you did not work enough